Introduction to C++ and Programming Fundamentals

• Introduction to C++
• Paradigms of Problem Solving
• POP vs OOP
• Features of OOP
• Concepts of:
  • Object
  • Class
  • Abstraction
  • Encapsulation
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism
  • Dynamic Binding
  • Message Communication

Basic Syntax and Operations

• Constants, Variables, Keywords
• Data Types & Variable Declarations
• Input/Output:
  • cin, cout, manipulators
• Comments
• Operators:
  • Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment
  • Compound Assignment, Increment/Decrement
  • Bitwise, Shift, Conditional, Type Casting
  • Address, Comma, Pointer, Sizeof, new, delete
  • Scope (::, .*, *::)

Control Structures and Flow Management

• Conditional Statements:
  • if, if-else, nested if-else, if-else-if ladder
• Multi-branching:
  • switch-case
• Looping:
  • while, do-while, for, nested loops
• Jump Control:
  • break, continue, goto, return

Arrays, Strings, Structures, and Pointers

• Arrays
• Strings
• Structures
• Pointers
• Dynamic Memory Allocation using new and delete

Functions in C++

• Defining, Calling, and Returning from Functions
• Function Prototypes
• Scope and Reference Variables
• Recursion
• Parameter Passing:
  • Call by Value, Address, Reference
• Function Overloading
• Default Arguments
• Inline Functions

Classes and Objects

• Defining Classes and Creating Objects
• Access Specifiers
• Accessing Members
• Scope Resolution Operator
• Member Functions (Inside/Outside Class)
• Member Function with Arguments
• this Pointer
• Object as Argument/Return Value
• Array of Objects, Pointers to Objects, Dynamic Objects
• Friend Functions and Classes
• Composition (Container and Contained Classes)
• Sample Programs (Student, Employee, Matrix, etc.)

Constructors and Destructors

• Introduction and Properties
• Types:
  • Default, Parameterized, Copy
• Constructor Overloading & Default Arguments
• Destructors
• Differences:
  • Constructor vs Member Function
  • Constructor vs Destructor
• Static Data Members & Functions
• Constant Data Members & Member Functions

Operator Overloading

• Defining Overloaded Operators
• Overloading:
  • Unary & Binary (using member/friend functions)
  • <<, >> stream operators
• Practical Programs

Inheritance in C++

• Base & Derived Classes
• Protected Access Specifier
• Types of Inheritance:
  • Single, Multiple, Hierarchical, Multi-Level, Hybrid, Multi-path
• Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes

Polymorphism and Virtual Functions

• Static vs Dynamic Binding
• Virtual Functions
• Pure Virtual Functions & Abstract Classes
• Virtual Destructors
• Function Overriding
• Accessing Members via Pointer

Templates in C++

• Function Templates
• Function Template Overloading
• Class Templates
• Inheritance in Class Templates
• Benefits and Applications

Exception Handling

• Types of Errors
• Benefits of Exception Handling
• Keywords: try, catch, throw
• Exception Objects, Nested try blocks
• Catching All Exceptions, Rethrowing

File Handling in C++

• File Stream Classes
• Opening and Closing Files
• End-of-File Detection
• File Pointers and Manipulation
• Sequential and Random Access Files

Input/Output Streams

• I/O Stream Class Hierarchies
• Unformatted I/O:
  • get(), put(), getline(), write()
• Formatted I/O:
  • width(), precision(), fill(), setf(), unsetf()
• Manipulators:
  • endl, ends, setw(), setfill(), setprecision(), setiosflags(), setbase(), resetiosflags()
  • User-defined manipulators

Standard Template Library (STL)

• Containers:
  • vector, list, deque, array, forward_list
  • stack, queue, priority_queue
  • set, multiset, map, multimap
• Algorithms:
  • Sorting, Searching
  • Partition & Utility Operations